來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2022-12-05 20:51:28
but的用法
1. 連接詞或短語
It was a sunny but not very warm day. 那一天天氣晴朗,卻不太暖和。
He drives not carefully but slowly. 他開車不是很小心,而是開得很慢。
2. 連接句子
This isn’t a good one but it will answer. 這不太好,但可以將就用。
He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue. 他看起來很老實,實際他是一個壞蛋。
She has had no answer to him but he gave no answer. 我向他說了早上好,但他沒有回應(yīng)。
The ice remained, but there was no water underneath. 冰還在,但下面卻沒有水。
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人正要開始講話,珍妮先講了。
At first he was a little shy, but now he acts more natural.
開始時他有些靦腆但現(xiàn)在他表現(xiàn)得很自然了。
There was a little trouble at first, but things were soon quiet. 起初有點小麻煩后來情況就平靜了。
3. 用于句首
But that question doesn’t arise. 但沒發(fā)生那個問題。
But in secret she was delighted. 但她暗中感到高興。
But what else can we do? 我們還能做什么?
But in the end he gave in. 但最后他還是讓步了。
But there’s one thing we are agreed on. 但有一點大家的意見是一致的。
4. 用于道歉的表達之后
Sorry, but we’re behind schedule. 抱歉,我們落在計劃后了。
I’m frightfully sorry, but I can’t see you today. 太對不起了,我今天不能見你。
Excuse me, but I don’t think that’s quite true. 很抱歉,我認為這與事實略有出入。
5. 用于not…but…,表示“不是……而是……”
Not you but I am to blame. 不是你的錯而是我的錯。
6. 用在某些否定語后,表示“只……”:
He eats nothing but hamburgers. 他只吃漢堡包。
She knows no one but you. 她只認識你。
You have nobody but yourself to blame. 只能怪你自己。
No one but me saw her. 只有我看見他
7. 用于next (last) but one 中,表示“隔壁再過去”“倒數(shù)第……”
He lives in the next house but one. 他住在隔壁再過去一家。
He was the last but one to arrive. 他是倒數(shù)第二個到的。
8. can’t help but 不由得不……
You can’t help but respect them. 你不由得不尊敬他們。
When they gave him a ticket to the game, he couldn’t help but go.
他們給了他一張看球賽的票,他不由得不去。
I can’t help but wonder what I should do next. 我不由得不想知道下一步該怎么辦。
【注意】不要按漢語意思將“雖然…但是…”直譯為although…but…:
誤:Though we are poor, but we are happy. (去掉though或but中任一個)
but 與 however的用法區(qū)別
兩者均可表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ,意?ldquo;但是”、“可是”、“然而”等,但有區(qū)別:
1. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折時,but 是連詞。如:
He is young but very experienced. 他雖年輕,但經(jīng)驗很豐富。
He has three daughters but no sons. 他有3 個女兒,但沒有兒子。
He likes sports, but his wife likes music. 他喜歡運動,而他妻子則喜歡音樂。
2. however 表示“然而”、“可是”時,有的詞書認為它是連詞,有的詞書認為它是副詞。之所以將其視為
副詞,也許是因為像許多副詞一樣不僅能位于句首,而且能位于句中(注意前后使用逗號),甚至句末
(注意其前也用逗號)。如:
Later, however, he changed his mind. 可是他后來改變了主意。
He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later. 他還沒有到,不過他等會兒可能會來。
He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他說情況如此,可是他錯了。
注意:以上各例中的 however 不能換成 but,但可用 but 來改寫。如:
He said that it was so, but he was mistaken. 他說情況如此,可他錯了。
3. 當連接兩個句子時,其前通常應(yīng)用分號,或另起新句。如:
It’s raining hard; however, I think we should go out. / It’s raining hard. However, I think we should
go out. 雨下得很大,但我想我們還得出去。
注意:上例中的 however 不能換成 but,但可用 but 來改寫 (注意所用標點的變化)。如:
It’s raining hard, but I think we should go out.
yet的用法
1、yet用作連詞時,與but一樣也主要用于轉(zhuǎn)折,意為“但是”“而”:
I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失敗了,但我還要嘗試。
The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 法官很嚴峻,卻完全公正。
They are the same, yet not the same. 它們又一樣,又不一樣。
It is strange, yet it is true. 那真是怪事,然而卻是事實。
I’ve been away only for three years, yet I can hardly recognize my hometown.
我僅在外三年,可我?guī)缀跽J不出我自己的故鄉(xiāng)了。
He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他說他是我們的朋友,但卻不肯幫助我們。
2、有時用在句首。如:
Yet the house was cheerful. 但屋子里顯得很歡快。
Yet its population has doubled. 但它的人口翻了一番。
3、yet有時可與并列連詞and或but連用,構(gòu)成習(xí)語and yet和but yet,意為“雖然如此”“可是”
“然而”,與單獨使用的yet意思相同。如:
He’s not really nice-looking, and yet he has enormous charm. 他并不十分好看,可是他很有魅力。
She’s a funny girl, but yet you can’t help liking her. 她是一個奇怪的姑娘,但你禁不住會喜歡她。
I gave him ten pounds (and) yet he was not satisfied. 我給了他十鎊但他仍不滿足。
She’s vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她很虛榮愚蠢,但人們卻喜歡她。
She drove very fast to the airport, but [yet, and yet, but yet] she missed the plane.
她開快車去機場,可還是誤了飛機。
4、根據(jù)英語習(xí)慣,although不能與連詞but搭配使用,但是although可以與yet搭配連用(此時的yet可
視為副詞)。如:
Although we are poor, yet we are happy. 盡管我們窮,但我們很快活。
Although we have made some progress, yet we still have a long way to go.
我們雖然取得了些進步,但還是遠遠不夠的。
連詞while考點知識歸納
while是大家比較熟悉的一個詞,但是許多人對它的了解是不全面的,你可能只知道它表示
“當……的時候”,甚至可能還知道它與when, as的用法區(qū)別。但是,非常遺憾,你所知道的這些東西都
是有關(guān)while用法的“基礎(chǔ)知識”,卻不是一般英語考試的“考點知識”。請看下面兩道考題:
1、考查表示時間的用法,其意為“當……的時候”。如:
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我們要趁熱打鐵。
Stand still while I take your photograph. 我給你拍照時站著不要動。
Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday? 假期里我們有足夠的書看嗎?
Were there any calls for me while I was out? 我出去的時候,有人來過電話嗎?
She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning. 她打電話時不愿讓任何人聽。
2、考查表示讓步的用法,其意為“盡管”“雖然”。如:
While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 雖然工作有難度,但很有趣。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 雖然我理解你的意思,但我還是不同意。
While the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it.
雖然因特網(wǎng)很有幫助,但我還是認為在其上花太多的時間不是個好主意。
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 盡管我們意見不同,我們還是朋友。
While I did well in class, I was a poor performer at games. 雖說我學(xué)習(xí)不錯,我運動卻不行。
While a few became richer, many did not. 雖然一些人變得更富有了,但多數(shù)人并非如此。
3、考查表示對比的用法,其意為“而”“但”。如:
In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their
children. 有些地方婦女掙錢,而男子則在家里持家和帶孩子。
I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳,而其余的人則去打網(wǎng)球了。
Air is a fluid but not a liquid, while water is both a fluid and a liquid.
空氣是流體不是液體,水是流體也是液體。
Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人卻食不果腹。
Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人卻食不果腹。
I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳,而其余的人則去打網(wǎng)球了。
Prices are rising sharply, while incomes are lagging far behind. 物價飛漲而收入?yún)s遠遠落后。
注意:這樣用時,while引出的句子通常位于末,但有時也可位于句首。如:
While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help.
大多數(shù)兒童學(xué)會閱讀很容易,有一些兒童卻需要特別幫助。
While some languages have 30 or more different vowel sounds, others have five or less.
有些語言有30個或更多的元音,而其他語言只有5個或更少的元音。
While Deauville is a holiday resort, Trouville is more of a working town.
特維爾是個度假勝地,而特魯維爾更多的卻是個工業(yè)城市。
4、考查其省略用法,即主句與從句主語相同,且從句謂語動詞含有動詞be時,通常可省略從句主語和動詞
be。如:
While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在獄中寫出了第一部小說。
He had strayed from home while still a boy. 他小時候就離開家到處流浪了。
He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他做著做著功課就睡著了。
I was only listening to the radio with half an ear, while (I was) preparing some food.
我正在做吃的東西,沒太留心聽收音機。
or的用法歸納
1、表示選擇,意為“或”“還是”:
Is the radio off or on? 無線電關(guān)上了還是開著的?
Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜歡茶還是咖啡?
Is he asleep or awake? 他睡著了還是醒著?
Are you going to America by boat or by air? 你到美國是坐船還是坐飛機?
You may go or stay, according as you decide. 是去是留由你自己決定。
Are you from North China or South China? 你是華北人還是華南人?
2、表示一種否定的條件,意為“否則”:
Come on, or we’ll be late. 快點,否則我們要遲到了。
Hurry up, or you'll be late for school. 趕快,否則你上學(xué)就要遲到了。
Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold. 穿暖和點,否則你會感冒的。
Be careful, or you’ll break that vase! 小心,否則你會把那花瓶打碎!
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 過馬路要非常小心,
要看兩邊,不然會被車撞倒。
3、可表示“要不就是”:
He must be joking, or else he’s mad. 他一定在說笑話,要不就是瘋了。
The book must be here, or else you’ve lost it. 這書一定在這兒,要不就是你丟失了。
4、用于否定句中代替and。
He was not clever or good-looking. 他不聰明,也長得不好看。
比較:
They sang and danced. 他們既唱歌又跳舞。
They didn't sing or dance. 他們既沒有唱歌也沒有跳舞。
5、用于習(xí)語(from www.yygrammar.com)
The work is more or less finished. 工作大體上完成了。
They consist of 1700 or more tribes. 他們由1700個或更多部族構(gòu)成。
There’s just one or two details I want to make sure about. 還有一兩個細節(jié)我想弄清楚。
Either your mother or your father may come with you. 你母親或是你父親會陪你去。
連詞for的用法
1、for用作連詞,主要表示理由,用于引起的分句對前面的話進行解釋,常用逗號把它和前面的分句分
開。如:
She was angry, for she didn’t know French. 她生氣了,因為她不懂法語。
He must be out, for there is no light in the room. 他準是出去了,因為屋里沒有燈。
He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他搖了搖頭,因為他有不同想法。
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因為這時已經(jīng)是十二月。
We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it. 我們很少住旅館,因為我們住不起。
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. 你本不必澆那些花,因為就要下雨了。
He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起來,因為他從天亮就沒吃過東西。
He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night.
他那時正忙著打點行李,因為那天晚上他就要走了。
She does not go out in the winter, for she feels the cold a great deal.
她冬天不出門,因為他特別怕冷。
2、for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首,也不能單獨使用。
for表示原因時的四個“不能”
1、for引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于它所解釋的動詞之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi. 因為下雨,他叫了一輛出租車。(這里不能用for)
2、for引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于not, but或任何連詞之后:
He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷東西,并不是因為他想要錢,而是他有這種毛病。(這里不能用for)
3、for引導(dǎo)的從句不能用于回答問題:
—Why did you do it? 你為什么這么做?
—I did it because l was angry. 因為我生氣才這么做的。(這里不能用for)
4、for引導(dǎo)的從句不能單單用來復(fù)述已講過的話,而必須包括新的內(nèi)容:
He spoke in French. She was angry because he had spoken in French.
他講法語。因為他講法語,她生氣了。(這里不能用for)
但是說:
She was angry, for she didn’t know French.
她生氣了,因為她不懂法語。(這里用for是正確的,也可用because)
注意:之所以有這些用法上的限定,其理由是for引導(dǎo)的從句不能直接說明某一特定動作發(fā)生的原因,而只能
提供一些起幫助解釋作用的附加說明。例如:
The days were short, for it was now December. 天短了,現(xiàn)在已是12月了。
He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起來,因為他從天亮就沒吃過東西。
When I saw her in the river I was frightened. For at that point the currents were dangerous.
我看見她在河里時,嚇壞了。那個地方水流非常危險。
注意:在口語中,for從句前常稍停一下。在筆語中,在此處常有一個逗號。有時也用一個句號斷開,如最后
一個例子所示。上面三個例句中也可用becatse, 但用for更好些。
連詞so的用法
1、so用作連詞,主要用于表結(jié)果,意為“所以”:
It’s very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 外邊很冷,因此穿一件厚大衣。
The door was locked, so we couldn’t get in. 門上鎖了,所以我們進不去。
I couldn’t have won, so I didn’t go in for the race. 我不可能獲勝,因此我沒參賽。
The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven. 戲八點開始,因此他們必須七點吃飯。
It was dark, so I couldn’t see what was happening. 天很黑,所以我看不見發(fā)生了什么事。
There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way.
恰好拐角處有一位警察,我就向他問路了。
2、有時可與并列連詞and連用,構(gòu)成習(xí)語and so(相當so):
He told me to do it and so I did it. 他叫我那么做,所以我就做了。
He worked hard and so he succeeded. 他勤奮工作,所以他取得了成功。
There was so much to eat and so few people to eat it. 有這么多東西可吃,而吃的人又這么少。
I forgot to post the letter, and so she never heard about my divorce.
我忘了寄那封信了,所以她一直不知道我離婚的事。
3、不要按漢語意思將“因為…所以…”直譯為because…so…:
誤:Because he was ill, so he couldn't come.(去掉because或so中任意一個)
連詞and用法
1. 基本義為“和”“又”“而且”等,但它有時還可表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折,相當于漢語的“而”“但”“卻”。如:
She’s a bank manager and I’m just a road-sweeper. 她是銀行經(jīng)理,而我不過是個掃街的。
I’ve read Tony’s book and I don’t understand it. 我讀過托尼的書,但我不懂。
He hasn’t had anything published and he calls himself a writer! 他什么都沒發(fā)表過,卻自稱作家!
2. 有時用于連接兩個相同的詞語,主要有以下用法:
(1) 連接兩個相同的比較級,表示“越來越……”。如:
The weather is getting colder and colder. 天氣越來越冷了。
Your English is getting better and better. 你的英語越來越好了。
Computers are becoming more and more complicated. 計算機變得越來越復(fù)雜。
(2) 連接兩個相同的動詞,表示動作的反復(fù)或連續(xù)。如:
He coughed and coughed. 他咳個不停。
He tried and tried but without success. 他試了又試卻未成功。
(3) 連接兩個相同的副詞,也表示動作的反復(fù)或連續(xù)。如:
He kept moaning on and on. 他呻吟不已。
(4) 連接兩個相同的名詞,有以下兩種主要用法:
①表示“許多”。如:
They talked for hours and hours. 他們談了很長很長時間。
The road went on for miles and miles. 這條路很長很長。
②強調(diào)差別,意為“與……不同”。如:
Don’t worry there are rules and rules. 別擔(dān)心——規(guī)則跟規(guī)則不一樣。
I like city life but there are cities and cities. 我喜歡城市生活,但城市之間也有差別。
3. 在come和go以動詞原形出現(xiàn)時,其后習(xí)慣上不跟不定式表示目的,而是用“and+動詞原形”表示
目的。如:
I must go and help my mother. 我必須去幫助我母親。
I’ll come and check the accounts. 我將來清理賬目。
Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. 去給自己買雙新鞋吧。
Come and play a game of bridge with us. 來跟我們一起打橋牌吧。
注意:但是,如果go和come不是以動詞原形出現(xiàn),而是以過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞等方式出
現(xiàn),則其后應(yīng)不定式表示目的。如:
I’ve come to collect my book. 我來取我的書。
I’ m thinking of going to look for mushrooms. 我想去采蘑菇。
I didn’t come to talk to Bill; I came to talk to you. 我不是來跟比爾說話的,我是來跟你說話的。
I went to buy a newspaper and lost my place in the queue.
我去買了份報紙,回來就找不到我排隊中的位置了。
另外,在come, go 之后的 and 有時可以省略(尤其在美國英語中)。如:
I’ll come (and) see you later. 我晚些時候再來看你。
4. 用在祈使句后,表示結(jié)果,意為“那么”(暗示一種條件)。如:
Work hard and you’ll pass the examinations (=If you work hard, you’ll pass the examinations).
努力吧,你考試會及格的。
Arrive late once more and you’re fired (=If you arrive late once more, you’re fired).
再遲到一次,就把你開除。
有時也可以不是用于祈使句后表示結(jié)果。如:
One more step and I will fire. 你再動一步,我就要開槍了。
5. 用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”“挺”。如:
I won’t go until I’m good and ready. 我完全準備好了才去。
Make sure you cut the bread nice and thick. 你一定要把面包片切得厚厚的。
6. 在主從復(fù)合句中,不要在主句前誤加 and。如:
使用兩個鏡子能看見自己的頭的后部。
誤:If you use mirrors, and you can see the back of your head.
正:If you use mirrors, you can see the back of your head.
7. 某些用 and 連接的兩個詞,與漢語順序相反,不要按漢語詞序顛倒過來。如:
rich and poor 貧富 land and water 水陸
right and left 左右 north and south 南北
food and drink 飲食 food and clothing 衣食
8. 比較以下各組句子有無連詞 and 的差別:
天氣晴朗,我們出去散了步。
正:The weather being fine, we went out for a walk.
正:The weather was fine, and we went out for a walk.
教室里包括老師有5個人。
正:In the classroom there are five people, the teacher included.
正:In the classroom there are five people, and the teacher was included.
他有兩個小孩,都很頑皮。
正:He has two children, both of whom are naughty.
正:He has two children, and both of them are naughty.
as 用作連詞有哪些用法
as 用作連詞用法如下:
1、表示伴隨,意為“隨著”。如:
As time passed, things seemed to get worse. 隨著時間的推移,情況似乎變得更糟了。
若其后不接從句,而接名詞,則用介詞 with 表示“隨著”。如:
With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced.
隨著現(xiàn)代工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,污染越來越嚴重了。
2、表示讓步,意為“雖然”“盡管”,要用于倒裝句(相當于 though,但語氣稍弱)。如:
Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他雖然是個男孩,但舉止卻像個女孩。
Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你一起生活。
Try as he would [might],he couldn’t open the door. 他試過多次了,卻仍打不開門。
3、表示時間,意為“當……時候”。如:
He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起來時,把杯子摔了。
As I was coming here, I met your brother. 我來這里時碰到了你的弟弟。
注意,as 引導(dǎo)時態(tài)狀語從句時,其謂語動詞通常只能是動作動詞,而不能是靜態(tài)或狀態(tài)動詞。如:
她出生后不久父母雙亡,是由姑母撫養(yǎng)大的。
誤:Her parents died as she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
正:Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
4、表示原因,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時,其謂語動詞可以是動作動詞,也可以是狀態(tài)動詞。如:
As you weren’t there I left a message. 因為你不在那里,我留了個信兒。
另外,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,可用以下這樣的倒裝語序。如:
Tired as she was, I decided not to disturb her. 因為她累了,我就決定不打擾她了。
Writing hurriedly as she was, she didn’t notice the spelling errors.
因為寫得倉促,她沒有注意其中的拼寫錯誤。
if與whether的用法區(qū)別
兩者在表示“是否”時的用法區(qū)別如下:
1. 互換的場合
引導(dǎo)賓語從句表示“是否”時, 兩者?苫Q。如:
He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink. 他問我們是否想喝一杯。
He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come. 他沒有告訴我他是否會來。
注:若是引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,則只能用 if (意為“如果”)。
2. 通常用 if 的場合
當引導(dǎo)一個否定的賓語從句時,通常用 if 而不用 whether。如:
I don’t care if it doesn’t rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。
注:在個別詞語 (如 wonder, not sure 等)后的從句否定式有時也可能用 whether 來引導(dǎo)。如:
I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken. 我想知道他是否錯了。
3. 通常用 whether 的場合
(1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句且放在句首時。如:
Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否會來還是個問題。
注:若在句首使用形式主語 it,而將主語從句放在句末,則有時也可用 if 來引導(dǎo)。如:
It was not known whether [if] he would come. 不知他是否會來。
(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時。如:
The question is whether we should go on with the work. 問題是我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)進行這項工作。
注:引導(dǎo)表語從句偶爾也用 if (很不正式),但遠不如用 whether 常見。
(3) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句且放在句首時。如:
Whether he is single I don’t know. 他是否單身,我不知道。
(4) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時。如:
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意與否,我都要那樣做。
(5) 與 or 連用分別引導(dǎo)兩個從句時。如:
I don’t know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他錯了,還是她錯了。
注:or 若不是引導(dǎo)兩個從句,而是連接兩個詞或短語,則也可用 if (但不如用 whether 常見)。如:
He didn’t know if [whether] we should write or phone. 他不知道我們是寫信好還是打電話好。
(6) 用于不定式之前時。如:
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留還是去。
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。
(7) 用于介詞之后時。如:
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 這取決于信是否來得及時。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。
(8) 直接與 or not 連用時。如:
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能來,我將寫信告訴你。
注:若不是直接與 or not 用在一起,則有時也可用 if。如:
I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not. 我不知他是否能贏。
(9) 在某些動詞后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如:
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我們討論了是否要開一個會。
unless與if…not
unless和if not均可表示“如果不”,有時用法相同,有時不同,請看題:
You’ll miss the train __________ you hurry up.
A. unless B. as C. if not D. until
此題應(yīng)選 A。容易選C。其實C只是詞序不對,若改為...if you don’t hurry up 也是對的。在許多情況
下,連詞until與if...not同義,且可換用(表示一種否定的條件)。
要是不下雨,我們就去。
正:We shall go unless it rains.
正:We shall go if it doesn’t rain.
我不打電話給你,你就不要來。
正:Don’t come unless I phone you.
正:Don’t come if I don’t phone you.
從以上兩例可以看出,unless有時可以與if not換用,但if not中的not必須位于從句謂語中,而不能直
接與if連用在一起。但是注意,即使如此,兩者也并不是永遠可以換用的:
一般說來,兩者互換的場合只限于:當我們要去結(jié)束一個已經(jīng)存在的想法或狀態(tài)時
(而不是去開始一種新的想法或狀態(tài))。試體會:
I’ll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請我去參加 晚會,
我就呆在家里。 (即“邀請我參加晚會”會結(jié) 束“我將呆在家里”這一現(xiàn)在的打算)
若要表示所述條件會導(dǎo)致一種新的想法或情況,通常要用if...not,而不用unless。試體會:
I’ll be angry if I’m not invited to the party. 如果不邀請我參加晚會,我會生氣的。
(即“不邀請我去參加晚會”會導(dǎo)致一種新情況—-“我會生氣”)
in case用作連詞的用法
in case用作連詞時有以下兩個用法:
1. 表示條件,意為“如果”“萬一”。如:
In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。
In case you see him, ask him about it. 如果你見著他,問問他這事。
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 如果我忘了,請?zhí)嵝盐椅业闹Z言。
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果他在我回來之前到,請讓他等等我。
2. 表示目的,意為“以防”“生怕”。如:
I’m shy of buying shares in case I lose money. 我不敢買股票,怕賠錢。
Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold. 帶些暖和的衣服,以防天氣變冷。
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. 我給你留一個座位,以防你會改變主意。
We took our swimming things in case we happened to find a pool.
我們帶上游泳用品,以備萬一能找到一個水池。
注:有時中間的謂語由 should構(gòu)成,強調(diào)偶然性,可譯為“萬一”:
I wrote down her address in case I should forget it. 我寫下了她的地址,以防萬一我忘了。
I always slept by the phone in case he should ring during the night.
我總是睡在電話機旁邊,怕萬一他夜間打電話來。
連詞because用法詳解
1. 表示原因,語氣較強,可用來回答 why 提出的問題。如:
A:Why do you love her? 你為什么愛她?
B:Because she is kind. 因為很善良。
2. because 除經(jīng)常用于引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句外,還可引出表語從句或用于強調(diào)句等。如:
It is because you’re eating too much. 那是因為你吃得太多了。
It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday.
我昨天是由于想買本字典而進城的。
3. 漢語說“因為……所以……”,但英語卻不能用 because…so…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
因為我病了半年,所以把工作丟了。
誤:Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
正:Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.
正:I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
4. 漢語說“之所以……是因為……”,英語可以類似以下這樣的句型(用that比用 because普通)。如:
The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus.
我遲到的原因是因為我沒有趕上公共汽車。
傳統(tǒng)語法認為這類句型不能用 because, 但在現(xiàn)代英語中用because 的情形已很普遍。
5. 在not…because…這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,not 有時否定主句,有時否定從句,具體視語境而定。一般說來,若 not
否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗號,否則會引起歧義,如下句在沒有特定上下文時就有兩種解釋:
I didn’t go because I was afraid.
這個句子既可理解為“我沒有去是因為怕”,也可理解為“我不是因為怕才去”。但是,如果because
之前有副詞just修飾,一般認為not是否定從句而不是主句。如:
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因為有人說你壞話而生氣。
6. 有時可引導(dǎo)一個句子作主語,此時通常采用just because這樣的形式,并且主句謂語動詞通常(當然不是
一定)為mean。如:
Just because you speak English doesn’t mean you can teach it. 你會說英語并不意味著你能教英語。
Just because you’re old doesn’t mean you have to be idle.
只是因為你年紀大了,這并不意味著你就應(yīng)該懶散不活動。
Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things.
你和你的妻子吵架并不能成為摔東西的理由。
7. 用于構(gòu)成復(fù)合介詞because of,其后可接名詞、代詞、 動名詞、what 從句(但不能是that從句或沒有引
導(dǎo)詞的從句)等。如:
He is here because of you (that). 他為你(那事)而來這里。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因為他妻子在那兒,我們對此只字未提。
He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.
他離開了這家公司,是因為老板在會上講的話。
8. because of通常用來引導(dǎo)狀語,而用于不引導(dǎo)表語(引導(dǎo)表語時可用 due to)。如:
誤:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來。
但是,若主語是代詞(不是名詞),則它引出的短語也可用作表語。如:
It is because of hard work. 那是因為辛苦工作的原因。
It will be because of money. 那將都是因為錢的原因。
because, since, as, for的用法區(qū)別
四者均可用來表示原因,區(qū)別如下:
(1) 關(guān)于 because:語氣最強,表示直接原因,可用于回答 why 提出的問題、引導(dǎo)表語從句、用于強調(diào)
句等,而其余三者均不行:
“Why didn’t he come?” “Because he was ill.” “他為什么沒來?”“因為他病了。”
My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛,因為蘋果吃得太多。
It is because he is honest that I like him. 是因為他誠實我才喜歡他。
(2) 關(guān)于 since 與 as:
a. 兩者所表示的原因都是人們已知的,即對已知事實提供理由,而不是表示直接原因。since 比 as 語氣
稍強,且比 as 略為正式,它們引導(dǎo)的從句通常放在主句之前,有時也放在主句之后:
As you weren’t there, I left a message. 由于你不在那兒,我留了個口信。
Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然錯了,就應(yīng)該道歉。
b. since 可用于省略句,而其他三者不行:
Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此,我無話可說。
(3) 關(guān)于 for:是并列連詞(其余三者為從屬連詞),它有時可表示因果關(guān)系(通常要放在主句之后,且可與
because 換用);有時不表示因果關(guān)系,而是對前面分句內(nèi)容的解釋或推斷(也要放在主句之后,但不能
與because 換用)。比較:
The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是濕的,因為昨晚下過雨。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨晚一定下過雨,你看今天早上地面是濕的。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)
in that引導(dǎo)從句的用法
1、如果是作為自由搭配in that,那么它的意思需視上下文而定。如:
Put the bookcase in that corner. 把書柜放在那個角落里。
You ought on no account to take part in that. 你千萬別參與那事。
It is expensive to stay in that hotel. 住那家旅館很貴。
2、如果用in that引導(dǎo)從句,則它是一個習(xí)語,意思是“因為”“由于”,與從屬連詞because意思相同。如:
She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her. 她很幸運,有一些朋友幫助她。
The situation is rather complicated in that we have two managing directors.
由于我們有兩位總經(jīng)理,所以情況很復(fù)雜。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until the 10th.
我的處境有點難堪,因為他要10號才來。
although 與 though 用法區(qū)別與說明
1. 用作連詞,表示“雖然”,兩者大致同義,可換用,只是 although 比 though 更為正式。如:
Though [Although] they’re expensive, people buy them. 雖然它們很昂貴,人們還是買。
2. although 一般不用作副詞,而 though 可用作副詞,表示“可是”“不過”。如:
I expect you’re right—I’ll ask him, though. 我認為你說得對——我去問問他也好。
She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答應(yīng)要打電話來. 可我沒聽到回信兒。
這樣用的though通常位于句末,但有時位于句首的though也有這樣的意思。如:
他說他要付錢,然而我認為他不會付的。
正:He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.
正:He says he’ll pay; I don’t think he will, though.
3. 在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,縱然)等固定短語中,不能用 although代替though。如:She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一個陌生人。
He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗最少,但教得最好。
4. 兩者均可用于省略句,通常見于主句與從句主語相同,且從句謂語含有動詞be的情形。如:
Although [Though] (it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.
盡管是戰(zhàn)前制造的,這臺發(fā)動機仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。
Although [Though] (he is) still young he is going very grey. 盡管他還年輕他的頭發(fā)卻已變得灰白。
Although [Though] (she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears.
她雖然很疼痛,但還是硬把眼淚抑制住了。
5. 當though用于倒裝形式,它不能換成although,但可換成as。
Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他雖然成功,但不驕傲。
Much though [as] I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你, 卻不能和你在一起生活。
Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind.
不管我多努力,也不能讓她改變主意。
Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward.
雖然我們被敵人包圍著,但我們還是設(shè)法前進了。
Raining hard though [as] it is, I’m going out for a walk. 雖然正在下著大雨,我還是要出去散步。
注意,若倒裝后置于句首的是名詞時,其前習(xí)慣上不用冠詞或其他限定詞。如:
Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他雖是專家,但還是失敗了。
Big puzzle though [as] it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim. 雖然是個大難題,但仍沒有難倒吉姆。
6. 不要按漢語“雖然……但是……”的表達習(xí)慣,在 although 后連用 but。如:
雖然他只是個業(yè)余愛好者,但卻是一流的高手。
誤:Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a first-class player.
正:Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a first-class player.
但是在強調(diào)時,although 可與 yet, still 等副詞連用。如:
Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 雖然他看起來很幸福,但他實際上很煩惱。
注意:值得一提的是,在某些特定的語境中,although 與 but 連用的句子是可能的(注:but 引出的句子
在 although 從句之前)。如:
But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.
但我當時的確不知道此事,盡管后來還是知道了。
He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it.
他想出國,盡管他有些錢,但還是負擔(dān)不起。
I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult.
我試著算這些賬,但盡管我懂點數(shù)學(xué),仍感到很困難。
分析:此句將 but 與 although 用在一起,但此句也沒有錯誤。該句從總體來看,它是一個以并列連詞 but
連接的并列句,而在該并列句的后面一句又是一個包含讓步狀語從句 although I knew some maths 的復(fù)
合句——這種句型就是所謂的并列復(fù)合句。此句也可改寫為 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it
very difficult although I knew some maths.
both…and…的用法
其意為“…和…都”、“不但…而且…”、“既…又…”:
She both speaks and writes Japanese. 她不僅會說日語,而且還會寫。
He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 他說話既親切又明事理。
【注】作為關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞,它通常應(yīng)連接兩個相同性質(zhì)的句子成分,但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相
同的詞。另外,若連接兩個成分作主語時,謂語要用復(fù)數(shù):
Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl. 她和索菲婭都喜歡這姑娘。
either…or…的用法
1、either…or…主要用于表示選擇,其意為“要么……要么……”,“不是…就是…”,“或者……或者……”,
用于連接兩個性質(zhì)相同的詞或短語。如:
Either come in or go out. 要么進來,要么出去。
I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或倫敦游覽一下。
Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well. 不是他沒講清楚,就是我沒聽明白。
You can have either this one or that one. 你拿這個或那個都可以。
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow. 你要么馬上走,要么等到明天。
We can finish the work either this week or next week. 不是這星期就是下星期我們就可完成這項工作。
注意1:either…or…通常應(yīng)連接兩個相同性質(zhì)的句子成分,但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的
詞,若連接兩個成分作主語,謂語動詞通常與其靠近的主語保持一致。如:
Either you or I am to go. 你或我必須有人去。
Either he or you are right. 要么他對,要么你對。
注意2:但在非正式文體中,有時也會一律用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。如:
You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行,喝咖啡也行。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你錯,就是我錯。
If either David or Janet come, they will want a drink. 大衛(wèi)或珍妮特來的話,是會要喝酒的。
2. either…or…除可連接兩個詞或短語外,有時也可連接兩個句子。如:
Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你改進工作,要么我就辭退你。
Either you’ll leave this house or I’ll call the police. 你要是不離開這座房子,我就叫警察來。
3. either…or…的否定式可以是not either…or…,也可以是neither…nor...。如:
He didn’t either write or phone.=He neither wrote nor phoned. 他既沒寫信又沒打電話。
注意,正如不能說either…not 一樣(但可說not…either),英語習(xí)慣上也不說either…or…not,如不能說:
Either he or his wife hasn’t come. 可改為:Neither he nor his wife has come.
neither…nor…的用法
其意為“既不…也不…”、“…和…都不”:
I have neither time nor money. 我既無時間又無錢。
I neither smoke nor drink. 我既不抽煙也不喝酒。
He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他對所發(fā)生的事不聞不問。
This is neither my fault nor yours. 這既不怪我,也不怪你。
【注】通常應(yīng)連接兩個相同性質(zhì)的句子成分,但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的詞。若連接兩個成
分作主語,其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致:
Mary neither likes maths nor (likes) history. 瑪麗既不喜歡數(shù)學(xué)也不喜歡歷史。
Neither Jim and Jack was at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。
但在非正式文體中也可一律用復(fù)數(shù):
Neither Jim and Jack were at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。
not only…but also…的用法
not only…but also表示“不但…而且…”,“不僅……而且”,“既……又”,用于連接兩個性質(zhì)相同的詞或
短語。如:
Not only men but also women were chosen. 不僅僅是男的,女的也有被選中的。
We were not only hungry, but also tired. 我們不但餓了,而且也累了。
She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜歡音樂而且喜歡運動。
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不僅很會演奏,而且還會作曲。
We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我們不僅冬天去那兒,而且夏天也去。
另外,在使用not only…but also…時還應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
1、有時可將but also分開用,即將but視為普通的并列連詞,用于連接兩個句子,然后將also用于句中
(用謂語動詞用在一起)。如:
He’s not only very fast, but he’s also got marvellous technique. 他不僅很快,而且技術(shù)高超。
2. 該結(jié)構(gòu)中的also有時可以省略,或?qū)lso換成too, as well(置于句末)。如:
Not only is he funny, but he is witty too [as well]. 他不但風(fēng)趣,而且也很機智。
He not only washed the car, but polished it too [as well]. 他不僅沖洗汽車,而且還擦拭了它。
His name is known not only in Japan, but in China. 他不僅在日本出名,而且在中國也出名。
3. 有時因為語境的需要,not only…but also…也可能用于連接兩個性質(zhì)不同的詞或短語,但這多半因為承前
省略的原因。如:
He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends. 他不僅工作日去上班,在周末也去上班。
句中的not only后接的是謂語goes to,而but also后接的卻是狀語 on weekends,可視為but also后承
前省略了謂語動詞 goes to work。
4. 當not only…but also連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)原則上與其相近的主語保持一致。如:
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
不僅學(xué)生們在欣賞這部影片,他們的老師也在欣賞這部影片。
5. 為了強調(diào),可將not only置于句首,此時其后的句子通常要用部分倒裝的形式。如:
Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work.
她不僅僅遲到了3次,她還沒干一點活。
Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. 他們不但需要衣服,而且還缺水。
注:有時也可見到不倒裝的情形,此時主要見于but also后接省略結(jié)構(gòu)的情況(省略只剩下主語)。如:
Not only my mother was unhappy, but Marian, too. 不僅我母親不快樂,瑪麗安也不快樂。
not only…but also…是否一定要連接對稱結(jié)構(gòu)
1、連接對稱結(jié)構(gòu)
not only…but also…是一對非常有用的關(guān)聯(lián)連詞,其意為“不僅……而且……”“不但……而且……”,通常
用于連接兩個相同的句子成分,即所謂的“對稱結(jié)構(gòu)”。如:
(1). 連接主語
Not only you but also I am hungry. 不只你,我也餓了呢。
Not only men but also women were chosen. 不僅僅是男的,女的也有被選中的。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
不僅學(xué)生們在欣賞這部影片,他們的老師也在欣賞這部影片。
(2). 連接謂語
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不僅很會演奏,而且還會作曲。
He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read. 他不僅讀過這本書,還記得內(nèi)容。
She not only sings like an angel, but also dances divinely.
她不但唱歌唱得像天使一樣,而且跳舞也跟天仙一般。
(3). 連接表語
He is not only arrogant but also selfish. 他不但傲慢,而且自私。
The place was not only cold, but also damp. 那個地方不但很冷而且很潮濕。
Certain poisons, used as medicines in small quantities, prove not only innocuous, but beneficial.
某些毒品,如少量用作藥品,證明不但無毒,而且有益。
(4). 連接賓語
He speaks both French and English well. 他法語和英語都說得好。
She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜歡音樂而且喜歡運動。
If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization.
要是這個方案不成功,這不僅不會影響我們這個部門,而且會影響整個組織。
(5). 連接定語
There are problems not only with the students, but also with the teachers themselves.
不但學(xué)生們有難題,教師們自己也有。
(6). 連接狀語
We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我們不僅冬天去那兒,而且夏天也去。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well. 他不僅平時工作,星期日也工作。
They landed up not only having to apologize but also offering to pay.
他們最后不但同意道歉,而且還要付款。
2、連接非對稱結(jié)構(gòu)
但在實際運用中,該結(jié)構(gòu)有時不完全遵循“連接相同句子成分”的用法而出現(xiàn)一些非對稱結(jié)構(gòu)。這類用法
主要有以下幾類:
(1). 因承前省略而導(dǎo)致的不對稱
(1) He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends.
他不僅工作日去上班,在周末也去上班。
句中的not only后接的是謂語goes to,而but also后接的卻是狀語 on weekends,可視為but also后承
前省略了謂語動詞 goes to work。
(2) She not only plays the piano, but also the violin. 他不僅彈鋼琴,而且還拉小提琴。
句中的not only后為謂語動詞,而but also后接的是名詞,實為動詞plays的賓語,可視為在but also后承
前省略了謂語動詞plays。
(3) Her charm not only consists in her beauty but also in her self-confidence. 她的魅力不僅在于她的美貌,而且在
于她的自信。
可視為but also后承前省略了consists。
(2). 因強調(diào)導(dǎo)致不對稱
有時為了強調(diào),not only…but also…連接的兩個成分也可能是“不對稱”的,這類用法尤其見于
not only后接的是句子的一個部分,而but卻用于句中“連接”一個句子(其后的句中可能出現(xiàn)also,
也可能省略also)。如:
It’s not only useless to trouble him but it is needless to do so.去麻煩他不僅沒有用而且沒有必要。
He’s not only very fast, but he’s also got marvellous technique. 他不僅很快,而且技術(shù)高超。
His headache and fatigue not only subsided, but, what is more, his craving for alcohol disappeared.
不但他的頭疼和疲勞減累輕了,而且他嗜酒的毛病也消失了。
這類用法有時也可能會省略but后面的主語,而保留其后的謂語。如:
The film was not only amusing, but gave a valuable moral lesson. 這部電影不但逗人,而且也上了一堂有價值
的道德教育課。(句子后半部分可視為but it gave a valuable moral lesson之省略)
She was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable. 這艘輪船不僅是造船史上建造的最大的一艘船,而且也被認為是不會沉沒的。(句子后半部分可視為but she was regarded as
unsinkable之省略)
These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, but contained a large number of
beautifully preserved frescoes as well. 它們吸引大量游客,不僅是因為建筑風(fēng)格奇特,而且還有大量保存完好的壁畫。
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