來源:網(wǎng)絡資源 2023-07-28 15:48:07
初中英語閱讀理解專項講解
一、閱讀理解概述
閱讀是語言學習的主要目的之一。閱讀理解題已經(jīng)成為全面評估學生英語水平的重要測試題型,在中考英語試卷中所占比重也比較大,它不僅考查學生綜合運用英語語言知識的能力,而且考查學生閱讀的速度及理解能力。
(一)(2011版)英語《課程標準》五級閱讀要求(初中畢業(yè)要求)
1、能根據(jù)上下文和構詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義;
2、能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關系;
3、能找出文章中的主題,理解故事的情節(jié),預測故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結局;
4、能讀懂常見體裁的閱讀材料;
5、能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息;
6、能利用字典等工具書進行學習;
7、除教材外,課外閱讀量應累計達到15萬詞以上。
綜合語言運用能力目標:能讀懂供7~9年級學習閱讀的簡單讀物和報刊、雜志,克服生詞障礙,理解大意。能根據(jù)閱讀目的運用適當?shù)拈喿x策略。
閱讀理解考題的類型大致可分為三種:
(二)從近幾年初中升學考試試卷來看,
1.閱讀短文,選擇答案
這類題目類型是閱讀理解最?嫉囊环N。這類題型的選項應在理解短文的基礎上做出判斷,堅持短文內(nèi)容與考項對比的方法,把一些與短文內(nèi)容明顯相符或不相符的答案選出來,然后再對要求根據(jù)上下文進行推埋的考項即短文偽容中沒有直接答案的考項進行推斷。
2.閱讀短文,判斷正誤
這種題型要求應考者根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容,對所列的句子與短文內(nèi)容是否相符做出正誤判斷。應考者做這類考題時應特別注意反義詞、近義詞以及一些詞組的互替使用。
3.閱讀短文,回答問題
考生對這種題型除了將考項的內(nèi)容與短文內(nèi)容對比之外,還應特別留意一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和反意疑問句。對于一般疑問句,回答要簡潔明了,用Yes,No。對于特殊疑問句的回答,切忌用Yes,No,答話也應盡量簡單,可以避免不必要的丟分。對于反意疑問句,應根據(jù)反意疑問句的特點和短文的內(nèi)容仔細分析。
此外縱觀這幾年全國各地的中考“閱讀理解”試題,用于閱讀理解測試的語篇內(nèi)容涉及社會生活的方方面面,除了一般的英語故事外,還有書信、通知、廣告、交通圖、各種表格等。在體現(xiàn)知識測試的同時,更注重英語的實際應用。因此,要做好中考英語試題中的語篇“閱讀理解”題,需要我們具備較強的“閱讀”和“理解”能力。其中包括:閱讀、理解英語文字信息的能力;閱讀、理解各種圖表的能力;快速閱讀能力;根據(jù)上下文猜測英文生詞詞義的能力;迅速捕捉文章大意的能力;分析、判斷和獨立解決問題的能力。還有合理分配和利用時間的能力以及各項能力的綜合運用。
二、閱讀理解考點分析
1.考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。
此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對段落(或短文)的主題,主題思想,標題或目的。而獲取段落的主旨和大意最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是圍繞一個中心意思展開的。而這個中心意思往往由一個句子來概括。這個能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此,理解一個段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學會尋找主題句(主題句一般在段首,即文章開頭的第一、二句,有時也會出現(xiàn)在文章的最后)。假如沒有主題句,在閱讀時要仔細通讀全文,注意文中所敘述的事實與細節(jié)是否圍繞主題。這類題的主要提問方式有:
1) Which is the best title of the passage?
2) Which of the following is this passage about?
3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that____.
4) The passage tells us that_____.
5) This passage mainly talks about____.
附:閱讀理解題目類型及解題方法。
1、細節(jié)理解題
*此類題主要考察學生對相關信息的識別能力, 答案一般在原文中能找到。
*答題時應迅速找到它的考察點,切不可望文生義或主觀臆斷。
*出題中所設的干擾項一般與文中的觀點截然相反,要么不符,要么未涉及,相對容易排除。
2、文章(段落)主旨大意題
Which is the best title of the passage?
The writer thinks________.
The writer wants to tell us__________.
The main idea of the passage is________.
*切忌以點代面,以偏概全。文章的首尾句及各段的首尾句往往是探察全文內(nèi)容的窗口,閱讀時要學會找出文章的中心句。
*在閱讀過程中,可通過略讀來快速把握文章的中心,閱讀時視閾要寬,緊抓對主題句的搜索,按意群進行閱讀,避免閱讀中的出聲、指讀、復視或停頓。
*學會猜詞、跳詞閱讀,以暫時記憶迅速在頭腦中清晰把握文章的大意。
3、推理判斷題
此類題需要透過文章信息進行深入的分析、綜合、歸納等推斷,需根據(jù)上下文及其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系對篇章進行深入的分析。
1) How many times did the tiger come into the village?
*每段的首句,含有重要的解題線索。
2) From the second paragraph we know_____.
*在把握全篇的基礎上,細讀這一段。
4、是非判斷題
Which of the following is (NOT) true?
Which of the following descriptions about… is right?
*干擾項常常是無中生有,張冠李戴,以偏概全,擴大內(nèi)容。
5、詞意句意題
What does the word “…” mean in paragraph 3?
What does the sentence “…” really mean?
In the last paragraph, “…” means___.
What does the underlined word mean?
*學會猜詞
(1)根據(jù)構詞法猜詞義。
前綴或后綴-ful(形容詞后綴), -less(無,沒有,構成形容詞), -ly(副詞后綴), un-(不,非,未), dis-(相反,否定)re-(重新)
appear disappear, agree disagree, tie untie, happy unhappy, careful, careless, hope hopeless, comfortable uncomfortable
(2)根據(jù)上下文猜詞義。
它和前后文有著必然的聯(lián)系,只有把握作者的脈搏,理清邏輯鏈條,才能鎖定生詞的含義。
(3)舊詞新義現(xiàn)象。
如:Australians put their shirt “tails” on the clothes line after washing, because they usually put them into their trousers. “tails” 一詞原意為“尾巴”,而在此處的意思為襯衫的“_______”。
(4)依解釋
Microscope is an instrument(工具)that makes small near objects seems larger.Microscope means_______.
*有時我們能從生詞的前后找到解釋性的文字。
三、閱讀理解解題思路及技巧
(一)步驟:
1、掃描題干,劃出關鍵詞。用時越短越好。
2、通讀全文,抓住中心。(1)a、文章第一段必須逐字逐句讀明白,可重復和回讀;b、首末句原則:其余各段的首末句要讀懂,其余可保持正常閱讀,不要重復和回讀。(2)讀完文章不要忙著做題,要問問自己what’s the main idea,文章中有無核心概念,著者的大體觀點是什么。
3.仔細審題,返回原文。關鍵:定位。定位的三大原則:(1)關鍵詞定位原則:由題干出發(fā),尋找題干中的關鍵詞,首選大寫字母、數(shù)字等,其次是表時間地點人物的詞。(2)自然段定位原則:考研中出題順序與文章段落順序大體一致。(3)長難句定位原則:答案一定蘊涵在長難句中。以上三大原則要綜合運用。
4.重疊選項,斟酌答案。(1)縮小范圍的是答案。例如,歐洲人愛吃牛肉,可推出英國人愛吃牛肉。(2)擴大范圍的不是答案。(3)原文和選項有交叉內(nèi)容的不是答案。(4)不相關的不能選。即,只要選項中有文章中未出現(xiàn)內(nèi)容就錯。注意,將文章中的每一個選項帶回文章一一查對,不要憑印象猜測。
(二)題型及解題方法
1、題型一——細節(jié)題
(1)標志:針對6w1h提問
(2)作題的關鍵在于返回原文,不要憑印象作題,返回原文要有定位意識。
(3)細節(jié)題迷惑選項的常用手段:偷換概念、擴大范圍、正反混淆、顛倒因果、常識判斷(列舉和文章無關的常識,盡管常識是對的,但文章中未提,也是錯的)
2、題型二——例證題
(1)標志:case,example,illustrate,demonstrate,exemplify
(2)解題的關鍵不在于是否看懂例子,而在于例子所支持的論點。
(3)具體做題方法:返回原文,定位該例子,然后80%向上20%向下搜索該例子所支持的論點。然后在四個選項中找到與觀點意思最接近的一個作為答案。
(4)錯誤選項的設計方法:(1)就事論事,仍說該例。(2)混淆論點論據(jù),還給論據(jù)。(3)列舉無關常識。
3、題型三——詞匯題
(1)標志:在題干中明確指出原文的單詞或詞組,要求辨其意。
(2)關鍵:該單詞認識與否并不重要,重要的是該單詞的上下文。若該單詞是比較簡單綱內(nèi)詞匯,則我們所熟悉的意思必不是答案。
(3)做題方法:在文章中尋找同義詞詞組;代入替換法。
4、題型四——指代題
(1)標志:在題干中明確指出原文中某個代詞,要求辨別其指代關系,即it,that,one
(2)步驟:
(a)首先返回原文定位此指代詞,90%向上,10%向下,搜索其指代的詞、詞組或句子。
(b)在四個選項中找出一個同意表達作為答案。
5、題型五——句子理解題
(1)標志:在題干中明確指出原文中的某句話,要求理解其意思。
(2)關鍵:返回原文,對出題句進行語法、句法、詞法的分析,精確了解其含義。
(3)注意:重要的不是上下文,而是該句本身。正確答案與原文是同義關系,與原文其他無關聯(lián),選項一般無絕對的判斷,有絕對判斷的則必錯。
6、題型六——推論題
(1)標志:infer imply
(2)整體思路:推論題在考研中不要推。這種題目的最佳名稱是列舉題,即每個選項都列舉了文章的一個事實(或錯誤事實),我們要找的就是哪一個事實符合原文。
(3)如果四個選項之中都沒有明確提到,那么與原文意思最接近,所用推理步驟最少的就是正確答案。
(4)尤其要重視話中有話的陳述句或比喻句或反語或長難句,這些地方一般是分散列舉題出題所在。
7、題型七——態(tài)度題
(1)標志:attitude,deem,believe,consider,regard
(2)作者態(tài)度只分三類(1)支持,贊同,樂觀(2)客觀,中立(3)反對,批評,懷疑,悲觀。除此之外沒有其他作者態(tài)度。有些選項一定不是答案indifferent,subjective(主觀),biased,pazzling等
(3)識別作者態(tài)度有以下方法;(1)依據(jù)中心句推論(2)當作者態(tài)度未明確提出時,要找文章中帶有褒貶意義的詞(3)根據(jù)所舉例子的正負來判斷,只提一方,則不中立;兩方均提,不管例子有多少,是否平衡,都中立。
8、題型八——判斷正誤
(1)標志:which is (not) true
(2)思路:(1)首先判斷3對1錯還是3錯1對,所謂對是符合原文,所謂錯是和原文有矛盾或沒提到(2)每一選項都應返回原文,不要憑印象做題。
(3)文章的如下地點容易出現(xiàn)考點(1)轉(zhuǎn)折處(2)最高級后面(3)帶有褒貶義的句子(4)虛擬語氣的句子(5)長難句
9、題型九——主旨題
(1)標志:best title,main idea,main problem,conclusion。
(2)整體思路:利用宏觀閱讀思路去解題,不管此類題出現(xiàn)在文章什么位置,都作為最后一題解
(3)方法:(1)串線法,適用于各段中心明確時(2)快速作文法,依據(jù)選項快速作文并與原文核對。
(4)注意事項:(1)要著重理解首末段,首末句(2)若主旨在文章中間出現(xiàn)或前后段意轉(zhuǎn)折時,應提高警惕(3)若段中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時,該轉(zhuǎn)折句很可能就是主題句(4)作者有意識重復的觀點往往是主旨(5)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該疑問的解答就是主旨(6)主旨出現(xiàn)時常伴有如下詞:but,however,therefore,in short
(5)選項特點:(1)正確選項一般不含細節(jié)信息,并不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞(2)錯誤選項的特點是就事論事,或細節(jié)信息鮮明,或過于籠統(tǒng)。
(三)微觀閱讀方法
微觀閱讀之一——標點的運用
句號:用來分割句子,即以句子為單位把長段分割成部分,便于各個擊破。
逗號:兩個逗號之間或一個逗號之后如果是補充說明成分時可跳過不看。
冒號:前后是從抽象到具體的過程,如把冒號前的看懂,則后面的不看。
分號:分號前后是并列關系,只看其中一句即可。
破折號:破折號之后是補充說明成分時跳過不讀。
引號:引號有三個作用,引語,反語,強調(diào)。知道觀點則引語不看,反語反看。
括號:括號有兩個作用,補充說明,解釋說明生詞。
微觀閱讀之二——長難句的解析
(1)從句又多又長,一主帶多從。應對方法:先抓主干,找出長難句中最核心的主謂賓,再層層擴展,理解。
(2)主句或從句中帶有長長的插入成分。應對方法:讀句子時先找主干,不要理會插入語。如果插入語交代說話人身份或某話是誰說的,或修飾、解釋、補充前面所言,跳過不看。
(3)分詞狀語或獨立主格的干擾。應對方法:主句最重要的特征是有完整的主謂賓結構,有獨立的謂語。一個看似句子的結構,如果沒有獨立的謂語,那它不是句子,而是分詞狀語或獨立主格。
(4)有時上面三種情況混合。應對方法:從前向后,先找獨立的謂語部分,從而區(qū)分出主語和分詞狀語,再根據(jù)從句的連詞(because,as,when)區(qū)分出主句和從句,然后層層擴展理解,插入語在哪個層次就放在哪個層次理解,甚至跳過不看。
(5)從語法上看常見長難句語法結構:形式主語或賓語,強調(diào)結構,非限制性定語從句,同位語從句,倒裝結構,虛擬語氣省略句。
(四)學術文章常見行文模式
1.并列型
在文章的開始提出兩個核心概念,隨后分段論述之;這種文章的關鍵是這兩個概念的含義和他們的聯(lián)系。這種文章的主旨題(本文的主旨是什么)選項若只涉及其中一朵則必錯。
2.層層遞進型
文章的幾個段落是從抽象到具體、從簡單到復雜的過程,且各段開始都出現(xiàn)了遞進詞,這種文章的中心思想必然出現(xiàn)在層層遞進的最后一段。
3.拋磚引玉型
文章第一段通過噱頭或例子或反面觀點,引出文章的討論內(nèi)容,而真正的中心出現(xiàn)在第一段之后的轉(zhuǎn)折處。
4.問題回答型
文章的第一段提出一個問題,隨后各段中提供該問題的答案。文章的中心思想就是該問題的直接答案。
5.獨句段
當文章的開始或結尾出現(xiàn)一個獨句成段的現(xiàn)象時,該獨句段的意思就是中心思想。
英語作文寫作中使用率最高,覆蓋面最廣的基本句式
1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
6)We have good reason to believe that...
例如:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注:如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握,可將其改寫成兩個句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。
2.表示好處
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如:Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.表示壞處
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmful to us.
例如:However,everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.
4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient, possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如:Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon, computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如:The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示變化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如:Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事實、現(xiàn)狀
1)We cannot ignore the fact that...
2)No one can deny the fact that...
3)There is no denying the fact that...
4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
5)However,that’s not the case.
例如:We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比較
1)Compared with A,B...
2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3)There is a striking contrast between them.
例如:Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.表示數(shù)量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800,000.
3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.
例如:With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如:From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
10.表示看法
1)People have(take,adopt,assume)different attitudes towards sth.
2)People have different opinions on this problem.
3)People take different views of(on)the question.
4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...
例如:People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
再如:Do “lucky numbers?really bring good luck?Different people have different views on it.
注:一個段落有時很適宜以問句開始,考生應掌握這一寫作方法。
11.表示結論
1)In short,it can be said that ...
2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.
3)From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ...
例如:From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary,however, its method should be improved.
注:例句1可用于任何一個段落的結論句;例句3則多用文章結論段的第一句。
12.套語
1)It’s well known to us that ...
2)As is known to us,...
3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
4)From the graph(table,chart)listed above,it can be seen that ...
5)As a proverb says,“Where there is a will,there is a way.?
例如:As is well known to us,it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.
The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly,and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower?.As college students,we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
再如:Does it pay to be honest?This is a topic that is being widelytalked about and different people have different opinions on it.
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